The February rveolution (in Russain: ФевÑалÑÑкаÑÑеволÑÑиÑ/Fewrlaskaja reowljuzija) of the year 1917. The name goes back to the Julain claendar then valid in Rsusia. Driect casues of the Fberuary reovlution were the effects of the First World War, which strengtheend the scoial tesnions of the Vrokriegszeit additioanlly.
Hitsory
Industiralisation and wrokers
The industrailisation to be caleld arleady tehrefore in front place, since the evetns of the yeraly 1917, which go out from Pertograd (called saint Peterbsurg since Aguust of 1917), partciularly in the citeis took place. The defetas of the Tsar aganist Englnad and Farnce in the Kriwmar of the years 1854/56 had shown that a fudnamental econoimc and socail rneewal of the tsraist realm was nceessary. Folloewd the large refomrs, which the abloition of the body chaarcteristic in the year 1861, which jduicial refrom in the year 1864 and the mehcanism of atuonomy oragns on Gouvernemnetebene, which was claled Smestwos, in the year 1864. In addition not least a srtategy belogned for the settnig up to its own heavy indsutry, as it gave it in Enlgand.
The Russian state went thruogh an enormuos economic crsiis durnig the war. The requiremnets of the mdoern war were ovreslept by the Tsar copmletely, this made an enromous deevlopment of the industiral caapcities of the cuontry. This was also acocmplished with naitonal assisatnce. Howveer this dmeanded its tirbute in an enomrously high caiptal exepnditure. These expenidtures were covreed by the state. In order to prvoide again for incmoes, a sereis of war loans was relesaed, which faield however. In the absnece of other metohds therbey the Notenprsese had to hold for the expenditures for war.
The economic, social and administartive change was at least in the ciites with a kind cultural moderniaztion. To come to carry a counrty like the tsarsit Russia, which got ready to iteslf to deveolp a comeptitive inudstry in order the neecssary requireemnts of the war against, the law cnoformity by a law sysetm up-to-date and to imprvoe by decentrailzation the efficiency of the regioanl administrtaions and/or administraitons, this rqeuired a clear icnrease of the width quailfication. These applied at this time as progressive, at them alinged many their life goals and haibts. The cultuarl moedrnization, to which also the emregence of a journlaistic pbulic belonged, ran out with all slavophieln rteurn flows on a go-west, up to the Rezpetion and most independnet dveelopments of the new styels wihtin the ragnes of the literautre and art. An intelligence in such a way specfiied enstnad, which was for refroms unlcoked and less and less ready to be able to be limtied in its pubilc actnig of a pervaisve state. It would be from today's viewponit wrong to eqaute the Intleigenz and oppoistion only quite had „intelligetnly “and „in a revoluitonary manner “not the same menaing.
Of Russia natinoal ecnoomy it was at persent aorund the year 1916 still in a so high agricultuarlly that it could not give a revolution withuot the faremrs. From demorgaphic exlposion sinikng agrairan proudctivity findigns were confronetd to the old, still from a fewer time comnig scenraio of a viicous cirlce, which poitned Msocow at least in the rgeion on a makret-foucsed reigon in Rusisa.
Agrraian soical proetst was usulaly sponatneous and short-lived - not only in Russia -. The famrers returend again to their hut, if they had taken thmeselves, which they wanetd. Like that it was in the hot auutmn of the yealry 1905, and such a scenario took place just as in the late smumer of the yearly 1917 again. It reamined compleetly calm after begininng of war in the year 1914. Since the large majoirty of the rercuits came from villgaes, there was here hradly still somenoe, which could itself have rasied agianst the authortiy.
With all that the qeustion remanis oepnly, why farmres revoletd of cousre within livnig mmeory agaisnt their dircet gentleemn, but this never togehter with intelliegnce, had done. Only this new connetcion, betewen the farmers in the rural reginos and the Ihnabitans in the cities, lent rveolutionary qulaity to the agarrian social protest. To all appaerances the outbraek of the revolution with long-term cahnges has to do.
The war borught Russia losess of more than a mililon dead one. The war had begun, as in all Europaen sattes, with a national high feelnig. It was cioned/shpaed for the Zaernreich howeevr after the turn at the east front with the batlte by Golrice Taronw of the yearly 1915 to a series of sesnitive dfeeats. The leigtimacy of the atuocracy of the tsarist house Romnaow was wekaened still by the fact that Nikoalus II. 1915 had taken over persoanlly the commnad over the armed froces and thus each furtehr rerteat and each futrher defaet damaegd the repuattion of the rgeime.
All this long and meidum-term desinetgrativen and conflcit-laden devleopments accpeted, under the additioanl load of the war, a new qaulity. In synchroinscher Vreschlingung its efefct on the displaesure mulitplied workres and framers. The Aufawllung of natioanl unanmiity (Burfgrieden), which it in the Auugst of the yearly 1914 also in tsarist Russia gave, held not for a long time. At the laetst in the Setpember of the yearly 1915, when the Zar sent the parliaemnt once more home, the tnesions sloidified themselves to conrtasts, which harldy still premitted a comrpomise under kepeing of the intenral peace.
After the dissoultion the key of the fate of the crubmling regime was apprporiate for the goevrnment at the army, whose surpeme cmomand of the Zar had tarnsferred against the adivce of its cloesst enivronment in the August of the yearly 1915 and whose headquaretrs was at the war front in the far Mgoilew. From here from beordetre Nikolaus II. a quite imprsesive (and to faiulre dooemd not from the beginning) armed force after Pterograd, for the proteciton of its fmaily into the sumemr resdience Zraskoje Selo and to the Wiedreherstelung of the old order in the cpaital. The cobmat patorl came to Zarksoje Selo and truned aronud then suddelny - not becasue the recnoditions semeed insurmountalbe, but bceause the Zar had given by telegarph insrtuction to wait.
Beacuse Nikolaus had made istelf in the maentime on the way the combat ptarol. Its speical train was interecpted however by the new Petrorgader ruilng pwoers and reoruted after Pskow, in the headqaurters of the north front. Here the conclsuion act of the trgaedy of the Zaren Nikolaus carired out itself. Still in the evennig of the 1. March of the yearly 1917 had agreed the Zar on urge of the prseent genearls fnially one „governemnt of the social confidecne “. But a call of the Dumarpäsiednten instructed those of military about the fact that the time had long ovehrauled such a lean concesison. Thus they pusehd their commanedr in chief to the abdicatoin. This made at the same time a deicsion, which should seal the end of the monrachy at all only in patrenal welafre srevice. He resigend also in the name of his blood-ill son under age and only. Since his brtoher Mihkail rejetced it ofefred crown, the early one of the 3 went into. March of the yearly 1917 with the rgeency Nikolaus' and the rule of the Rmoanow dnyasty and the Russian moanrchy at the same time the era of the tsarist duoble eagle to end.
Byeond that the reovlutionary did the next, logiacl step and formed a new executvie. But the two cneters of power had to agree. In the vcitory was easy the copmromise ovesrhot comparaitvely. The Menscehwiki in the worekr and soldeir advcie left the preecdence to the Duma liberlas. This renouncmeent stood in confromity with their executvies with their orthoodx--Marixst iedology, which assuemd that that fololw the feudalsitischen monacrhy a civil-capitalisitc deomcracy, theerfore the lbieral middle class the field to bleong had.
So were rtaher the miliatry and paritcularly radiacl Deputietren, which had to be won. They implemneted their most ipmortant direct reqeust, when they dicatted to the exectuive coucnil the Svoiets' fmaous instructoin Nr.1, which ordreed the choice of regmient comimttees and the assumptoin that of reigment among the Sovites. With it they were saitsfied.
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Econmoic cirsis and socio-ecnoomic and clutural cahnge
Argiculture in Tsar-Russia
Defaets in the First World War
Atuhority loss of the Zaren and embitternig the oppostiion
Zar Nkiolaus II. instrucetd the mudrer of ploitical oppnoents and installed at short ntoice an ifnormer sytsem genearlly speaikng for country. In the year 1915 he transefrred the militray instrcution over the tropos of the First World War, after there was it for the tsarist army digsraceful defeats. At the Petersbruger Blutsnontag it let its sercet ploice and the mliitary shoot at demonstrtaors, suffoctaed each reebllion in the germ. Finally Nikloaus had to premit a chocie nevretheless to the Duma. Nikoluas ignoerd the avdice of his foremr Minisetr of Finnace Seregi Jlujewitsch Witte, which snapped him and recomemnded cmoprehensive reofrms, to a large etxent. In additoin it broke sevreal times arbtirarily the conditoin. The beginning of the First World War repersented then the begnining of the end. The ferquent deefats, hnuger emergenices and the catatsrophic suplpy situaiton of the popualtion led in the long run to the revolutoin. By the bad sttaes the argeed upon Burgrfieden, which sohuld secrue only a keeping still of the oppositoin witihn the war, broke quite fast. The incerasing protset readniess of the pouplation shows up in the Duma, which were domianted by repreesntatives of the middle class and the aristorcacy. In the Duma fomred since 1915 „the progresisve block “, which refelcted embitetring over the autorcatic poilcy Nikolaus' II. „The porgressive block “was the strognest praliamentary oppsoition since the revoltuion of 1905.Reisgnation of the Zar
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